U-Boat from World War I Discovered at the Ocean Floor
USS F-1 Submarine: Century-Old Wreckage Discovered Off California Coast
In early 2025, the remains of a U.S. Navy submarine, originally known as USS Carp, were discovered off the coast of California, marking the culmination of a century-long search for the lost vessel. The submarine, later renamed USS F-1, sank in 1917 following a collision with its sister ship, the USS F-3.
The expedition, led by researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), utilized advanced deep-sea imaging technology to capture remarkable images of the USS F-1. The submarine, approximately 44 meters long, was powered by both diesel engines on the surface and electric motors and batteries when submerged. Prior to its unfortunate encounter with the USS F-3 on December 17, 1917, the USS F-1 had conducted patrol and training missions off the California coast.
The collision caused the USS F-1 to sink within mere seconds, resulting in the loss of 19 crew members. Although the submarine was located in the 1970s, its depth of 400 meters proved impassable at the time. Thus, the USS F-1 slipped into relative obscurity until now.
Intact and PreservedThe team, led by Bruce Strickrott from WHOI, successfully located and explored the USS F-1 using the manned research submersible Alvin and an autonomous underwater vehicle called Sentry. Mr. Strickrott reported that they managed to capture unique, never-before-seen images of the submarine.
The underwater images reveal that the USS F-1 lies on its starboard side with its bow pointing northwest. Despite being submerged for 108 years, the submarine remains remarkably well-preserved. Propellers and tower details are still maintained in excellent condition, showcasing the vessel's impressive resilience.
The team scrutinized the submarine wreckage and its surroundings using close-up images, sonar measurements, videos, and photogrammetry, resulting in 3D models of the site.
Early History of SubmarinesSubmarines began to emerge as a significant military force in the latter stages of World War I and especially during World War II. Although experimental submarines had existed since the mid-19th century, such as the USS Hunley, which sank during the American Civil War, their impact on warfare was limited until the early 20th century.
Honoring the FallenThe team was mindful of the USS F-1 serving as a grave for 19 crew members while exploring the site. Researchers from the National Deep Submergence Facility (NDSF) emphasized the need for specialized expertise and equipment, making the expedition a tribute to the fallen submariners.
A memorial ceremony was held on the deck of the escort ship, conduced by underwater archaeologist Brad Krueger from the Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC). The ship's bell tolled 19 times for each casualty, illuminating the gravity of the loss through the solemn ringing of the bell.
History and archaeology, according to Mr. Krueger, are about recognizing the people behind the events. The Navy, he added, bear the responsibility of honoring the memory of its lost sailors.
Community policy regarding the protection of historical artifacts should be implemented to safeguard the USS F-1, a vocational training ground for submarine crews during its service off the California coast. To further honor the 19 crew members who lost their lives, the technology from the sports industry could be leveraged to enhance virtual reality educational experiences about the submarine's history and the role of innovation in military training, ensuring that their stories continue to inspire future generations.
